HB 3527 7*^r»- *^ ***~*j£*. ^—C-^f. 

Copy l MEDICAL STATISTICS; 



CONSISTING OF 



/ 



ESTIMATES RELATING 



POPULATION OF PHILADELPHIA, 



WITH ITS 



CHANGES 



INFLUENCED BY THE DEATHS AND BIRTHS, 



TEN YEARS, VIZ. FROM 1821 TO 1830, INCLUSIVE. 



BY GOUVERNEUR EMERSON, M. D. 



EXTRACTED FROM THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES, 

FOR NOVEMBER, 1831. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

PRINTED BY JOSEPH R. A. SKERRETT. 

1831. 



HB35 ; 






■Jtk 

MEDICAL STATISTICS; 



CONSISTING OF 






ESTIMATES RELATING 



POPULATION OF PHILADELPHIA, $c. 



SINCE the publication of the views in relation to the medical statis- 
tics of Philadelphia, presented in a former volume of this work, a new 
census has been taken and other data offered, which admit of an exten- 
sion of the investigations to a further period — the commencement of the 
last year. The results developed by a continuation of the calculations, 
are of a highly interesting nature. Among them the most striking are, 
the increased rate of mortality within the last ten years, from epidemic 
causes that have but recently subsided, and the correct ratio of deaths 
for the coloured population, which, for reasons previously explained, 
was necessarily founded in some measure upon assumed data. Add- 
ed to the time contained in former estimates, our calculations now 
embrace a connected series of twenty-four years, namely, from the 
year 1807 to 1830 inclusive. 

Population, 

As a proper prelude to our inquiries, we present an abstract from 
the recent census, so as to show the number and description of in- 
habitants included within the built parts of the town, and from which 
the returns of interments are made. For the information of those un- 
acquainted with the municipal divisions of Philadelphia, it may be 
useful to observe that the city proper, or that portion under the con- 
troul of the mayor and councils, embraces but about one-half of the 
population of the whole town — the limits of the original incorporation 



4 Emerson's Medical Statistics. 

having been overrun in various directions. The parts subsequently 
built, instead of being united to the original incorporation, are formed 
into several distinct districts, each invested with corporate privileges. 

An act of the state legislature, however, extends the provisions of 
the Health Law over the whole, so that the districts, as well as the 
city, have their representatives in the Board of Health. Those who 
attempt calculations of the comparative mortality of Philadelphia, 
without a precise knowledge of the districts which make returns of 
their interments to the Health Office, must necessarily be led into 
erroneous conclusions. For should the sum of the annual mortality 
be compared with a less amount of population than the returns of in- 
terments are made from, the ratio of deaths must appear greater than 
it actually is, and vice versa, should the contrary circumstances pre- 
vail. Gross errors, from such causes, for the most part, have already* 
been committed by persons at a distance, and circulated very exten- 
sively both in this country and in Europe. Some of the publications 
alluded to have represented the mortality of Philadelphia as exceeding 
that of the other principal cities in the United States, whereas it has 
been shown to present as low, if not a lower rate than any one of them; 
we mean under ordinary circumstances, and in the absence of those 
epidemic visitations to which all places are subject. 

Reckoning the whole population for the city and county, without 
reference to distinction of colour, the total amount is 188,961, of 
which number 90,332 are males, and 98,620 females. Adopting the 
distinction, the whites amount to 173,345, the blacks to 15,616. 
The increase of the entire population within the city and county con- 
jointly, since the year 1820, is 51,864, being in the ratio of 37.8per 
cent, for the whole period, or an average of 3£ per cent, per annum.* 
The white increase estimated separately amounts to 49,599, or 40 
per cent, for the ten years, being at the rate of about 3d per cent, 
per annum. The increase of blacks alone for the ten years is 
3732, being at the rate of about 31 £ per cent, or 2| per cent per 
annum.t 

But it is that portion of our population embraced within the limits 
of the bills of mortality, which interests us most particularly. This 
alone is exhibited in our abstract, or table marked A. and amounts 

* This ratio, it must be observed, is computed upon geometrical principles, 
as approaching nearest to the rate at which population ordinarily increases, and 
not upon the arithmetical usually resorted to. 

f Much interesting- information relative to the changes and denseness of po- 
pulation in the city and county of Philadelphia, may be found in Hazzard's 
Pennsylvania Register, Vol. 8. 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 5 

without distinction of colour, to 167,811. Compared with the popu- 
lation existing in 1820, we find an increase of 40.6 per cent, within 
the last ten years. 

The white population considered separately, shows an increase 
greater than the general ratio just mentioned. The total amount is 
153,169, and the increase during the ten years is 41.6 per cent. 
Estimating the sexes separately, there are 73,547 males, and 79,622 
females, so that the last exceed the first in the ratio of 8| per cent, 
or in other words, there are about 100 females to 92 males. 

We find the ages of each of the sexes distributed into thirteen pe- 
riods, commencing with those of and under the 5th year, then giving 
the number /between the 5th and 10th, the 10th and 15th, the 15th 
and 20th, the 20th and 30th years, and so on to the most protracted 
periods of life. On comparing this division with that adopted when 
the former enumerations were made, it will be found to differ very 
materially, more than double the number of periods being given. 

With the whites, the number of both sexes at different ages, com- 
pared with the total amount at all ages, stands thus: — All those 
Of and under 5 years, constitute 14.6 per ct. of the whole population. 

" 26.9 do. 

" 37.6 do. 

" 50.3 do. 

" 28.1 do. 

" 14.6 do. 

" 8. do. 

" 3.2 do. 

" 1.08 do. 

« 0.28 do. 

" about 4.5 per 10,000. 

" about 6.5 per 100,000. 

In the period first marked, namely, that including all of and un- 
der the 5th year, the males exceed the females about 5 per cent.* 
but in that which includes those between the 5th and 10th years, the 
male excess has diminished so as to be only about 1 per cent. 

In the next five years, namely, between the 10th and 15th years, 
the females exceed the males about 8 per cent, and from this last 
named period to the 50th year, the excess continues pretty steadily 
in the ratio of from 8 to 10 per cent. Afterwards, however, it in- 
creases greatly, so that 

* An examination of the table of births will show that the number of males 
at birth exceeds that of the females more than 7 per cent. 



Do. 


10 


Do. 


15 


Do. 


20 


Of and over 


■ 30 


Do. 


40 


Do. 


50 


Do. 


60 


Do. 


70 


Do. 


80 


Do. 


90 


Do. 


100 



6 Emerson's Medical Statistics. 

Between the 50th and GOth yr's, the females exceed the males 34 per ct. 
" 60th and 70th " « " 59 " 

" 70th and 80th " " " 90 " 

A 80th and 90th " " « 79 " 

" 90th and 100th " " « 40 * 

Of those who had attained and exceeded a century, seven were fe- 
males and three males. 

The Blacks constitute about 8.7 per cent, of the whole population 
within the limits embraced by the bills of mortality. They have in- 
creased within the last ten years 28 per cent, or in a ratio of about 
2.7 per cent, per annum — a much lower rate than that of the whites. 
The whole amount included in our abstract is 14,642, of which 
6307 are males, and 8335 females. The disparity between the sexes 
is therefore far greater than we find in the white population, the ex- 
cess of females amounting to 32 per cent, or nearly a third. This is 
partly owing to the circumstance of the services of females being in 
more general demand in cities than in the country, and partly to the 
greater mortality of the males. The distribution into periods differs 
from that adopted for the whites, only six being given, instead of 
thirteen. The first designated is the 10th year, and the females of 
and under that age, exceed the males about 5 per cent. In that 
Between the 10th and 24th years, the female excess is about 61 per ct. 
" 24th and 36th " " " 36 " 

" 36th and 55th " " " 16 " 

" 55th and 100th " " " 38 " 

With the black population, the number of both sexes at different 
periods of life, compared with the total amount at all ages, stands 
thus: — 

All under 10 years, constitute 21.7 per cent. 
" 24 " " 50.6 " 

All over 36 " " 22.1 " 

" 55 " " 5.9 " 

" 100 " " 1.7 or nearly 2 per 1000. 

Of those that had attained 100 years and over, 14 were males and 
12 females. It is curious to observe, that notwithstanding their small 
numbers when compared with the whites, they greatly exceed the 
latter in the proportion of their centenarians, and that with the blacks 
the number of male centenarians exceeds that of the female. From 
the difficulty which frequently occurs of ascertaining the ages 
of blacks with certainty, it is possible that more of them are report- 
ed among the instances of extreme longevity, than are entitled to the 
distinction. 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



Births. 



In our former publication we were only enabled to present an ac- 
count of the births for six years. We can now extend the period so 
as to embrace ten years, namely, from 1821 to 1830 inclusive. As 
the accuracy of the data upon which our calculations are founded, 
depends for the most part upon the character of those by whom the 
returns are made, that is to say, the accoucheurs, we think it proper 
to premise that the obstetric practice of Philadelphia is mostly in the 
hands of the physicians. In the last year, for instance, the register 
at the Health Office contained the names of one hundred and fifty- 
live practitioners of midwifery for the city and suburbs, of which 
number only twenty-one were females, the remaining one hundred 
and thirty-four being regular physicians, of whom some possess a very 
limited portion of practice, whilst others have a very great monopoly. 
Of the total number of births for the year mentioned, viz. 7628, the 
amount delivered by the female accoucheurs was 1061— •leaving the 
balance of 6567 to be divided among the male practitioners. It thus 
appears that most of the returns of births are made in Philadelphia, 
by those whose standing for probity and intelligence should entitle 
their statements to credit. Whether all the births which take place 
are reported, is, we think, somewhat doubtful, though the number 
omitted may not be very large. The average proportion compared to 
the population, is about 4.42 per cent, per annum. 

Upon running the eye along the columns of table B. we are struck 
with the variations appearing from year to year, not only in the to- 
tals, but in the respective proportions of the sexes. There is also a 
considerable deficiency conspicuous in the total for the year 1829, 
which induced us to suppose that a mistake had been somewhere 
committed, but upon the most careful examination of the original re- 
cord, we found the returns complete from all the various practition- 
ers, and were unable to perceive any error in the computation. It is 
a fact of the highest interest, that although the males at birth for the 
whole period exceed the females by more than 7 per cent, such is the 
greater ratio of mortality among them during the first years of life, 
that at the fifth year the excess of males is only about 5 per cent, 
whilst by the tenth year it has been so reduced that the excess is 
only about 1 per cent. Referring to the table exhibiting the popula- 
tion at different ages for the evidences of our representations, we 
shall not stop to indulge in the speculations which this subject seems 
to invite. 

In consequence of some curious investigations made lately by M. 



8 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



Villerme, of Paris,* we have been induced to construct a table of 
the births in Philadelphia for the last ten years, so as to present the 
amount of each sex per month, (Table C. ) This was a very ar- 
duous and troublesome task, as from the manner in which the re- 
cord is kept, we were obliged to refer to the separate statements 
made by the various practitioners in the respective years em- 
braced by our table, t Having obtained the amount of the births for 
each of the months in the period mentioned, and calculated their 
sums, it was next necessary, in order to institute a fair comparison, 
to equalize them, by making all of the value of thirty-one days. In 
effecting this, we followed the rule given by M. Villerme, which con- 
sists in ascertaining for each of the short months the average number 
of births per day, and multiplying this sum by thirty-one. By pur- 
suing this process, the following results were obtained, which we ar- 
range in such manner as to give the highest place to the months pre- 
senting the greatest number of births, and the corresponding months 
of conception, which last are seen on the right. 

Whole No. 

Month. of Births. Males. 

1. February - 5996 - 3099 

2. September - 5965 - 3112 

3. December - 5937 - 3023 

4. January - - 5712 - 3012 

5. November - 5652 - 2954 

6. March - - 5598 - 2896 

7. October - - 5567 - 2941 

8. August - - 5437 - 2798 

9. July - - - 5221 - 2764 

10. June - - - 4855 -, 2523 

11. April - - - 4805 - 2515 

12. May - - - 4797 - 2503 

It would hence appear that the locality of Philadelphia is subjected 
to the influence of some causes, which, during a portion of the year, 
operate unfavourably upon the increase of its population by repro- 
duction. These causes seem to prevail during the extreme heat of 
summer, and in the commencement of autumn, the months of August, 



Females. 
2897 
2853 


Correspond, mos. 
of Conception. 

- May. 

- December. 


2914 


- March. 


2700 
2698 
2702 


- April. 

- February. 

- June. 


2626 
2639 


- January. 

- November. 


2457 


- October. 


2332 
2290 
2294 


- September. 

- July. 

- August. 



* De la distribution par mois des Conceptions et des naissances de Phomme. 
Annales d'Hygiene Publique et de Medecine Legale. 

f The sums of births per annum exhibited in this table, will sometimes be 
found less than those reported annually by the Board of Health. This arises 
from the rejection of some returns made by the quarter or year, instead of the 
month. 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 9 

July, and September, standing lowest in the scale designating the 
months of conception. 

As we are unacquainted with any circumstances connected with 
the social customs or institutions of the place, sufficient to account 
for the variation so obvious at different seasons in the births and con- 
ceptions, we feel ourselves constrained to adopt the explanation pro- 
posed by M. Villerme, who attributes it to the influence, either di- 
rect or indirect, of the annual revolution of the earth around the sun, 
or in other words, to the order of the seasons. It will no doubt be gra- 
tifying to the investigator of this novel subject, to have the main con- 
clusion which he has derived from his extensive researches in Eu- 
rope, confirmed by calculations made in this part of the globe. From 
an inspection of our statement, it will be seen that its results are in 
singular accordance with the observation of M. Villerme, "e'estadire, 
que les mois de Juillet, Aout et Septembre, qui sont les plus chauds, 
offerent comparee aux autres mois de Panne, une diminution notable 
dans la force generatrice." But although the results of our observa- 
tions correspond thus strictly with his in regard to the minimum of 
births and conceptions, they are found to vary in respect to the maxi- 
mum, as will be seen by comparing our statement with that one of his 
general conclusions, which asserts that "toujoursetpartout, ades vari- 
ations presfortlimitees, lafindu printemps, le commencement del'ete, 
offrent les plus grand nombre des conceptions," &c. As, however, 
the thermometrical observations made in this locality,* will exhibit a 
striking difference between the climate and seasons of this part of 
America, and those of the various parts of the European continent 
comprehended in M. Villerme's calculations, some difference in the 
results was to be naturally expected. Should similar investigations 
be made in other sections of our own country, which from its extent 
presents such diversity of climate, they will no doubt exhibit corres- 
ponding variations in the results, but still, we think, support M. Vil- 
lerme's leading principle, relative to solar influence upon the propa- 
gation of the human species. 

Before we conclude our remarks upon this subject, we would in- 
vite attention to a fact which perhaps will go further to account for 
the variations in the number of births existing between the differ- 
ent months, than any other circumstance, independent of temperature. 

An estimate made so as to include those three years of the series least 
affected by the epidemic causes we have adverted to, would present 
a different order in the months, from one made to include a like num- 
ber of years most subject to these influences. Let us take for exam- 

* See Vol. I. of this Journal, art. Medical Statistics of Philadelphia, Table I. 

2 



10 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



pie the three last years of our series, viz. 1828, 1829, and 1830— 
during which the epidemic has been felt much more slightly than 
during the seven preceding years. Their order when arranged ac- 
cording to the plan previously adopted, would differ but little from 
that presented by the whole series, and would stand as follows, reckon- 
ing all the months to have thirty-one days: — 







No. of 




Corresponding months 


Month. 




Births. 




of Conception. 


1. September 


- 


2047 


- 


December. 


2. February 


- 


1995 


- 


- May. 

- a March. 


3. December 


- 


1951 


- 


4. January - 


- 


1947 


- 


- 1 April. 


5. March 


- 


1913 


- 


June. 


6. November 


- 


1885 


- 


February. 


7. October - 


- 


1836 


- 


January. 


8. August - 


- 


1785 


- 


November. 


9. July 


- 


1719 


- 


October. 


10. April 


- 


1664 


- 


July. 


11. May 


- 


1658 


- 


August. 


12. June 


- 


1610 


- 


September. 


When, however, we make a 


l similar estimate for the three years, 


which, from their great mortality, we may suppose felt the epidemic 


influences in the highest 


degree, viz. 1823, 


1824, and 1825, we find 


some variation, the months arranged according to the decreasing ra- 


tio of births and concept 


ions taking the 


following order: — 






No. of 




Corresponding' months 


Month. 




Births. 




of Conception. 


1. September 


- 


1685 


- 


December. 


2. December 


- 


1674 


- 


March. 


3. October - 


- 


1645 


- 


January. 


4. February 


- 


1629 


- 


May. 


5. January - 


- 


1581 


- 


April. 


6. August - 


- 


1569 


- 


November. 


7. November 


- 


1540 


- 


February. 


8. July 


- 


1497 


- 


October. 


9. March 


- 


1487 


- 


June. 


10. April 


- 


1416 


- 


- July. 


11. June 


- 


1372 


- 


September. 


12. May - ■ - 


- 


1317 


- 


August. 


In this last estimate we see 


ibut little 


! change in the situation of 


the months presenting the extremes, or maximum and minimum of 


births and conceptions. 


We find, however, 


a sensible diminution in 


the proportion of conceptions 


for the months of June and October. 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 11 

Now in the first of these months we know that the epidemic forms of 
disease seemed to revive for the season with great force, and con- 
tinue until October. We therefore think it a demonstrable fact, that 
in addition to the principal influence which lessens fecundity in this 
locality, namely, that of high temperature, there has existed during 
the period embraced by our calculation, another retarding force con- 
nected with the late epidemic. 

As the results of our observations are in accordance with those ob- 
tained by M. Villerme from extensive data procured in those parts of 
France subject to endemic influences, we do not think it necessary 
to pursue these calculations further. 

We terminate this portion of our investigations with the following 
general conclusions:— 

1. That the chief cause which operates in our locality in retarding 
the natural increase of the population, appears to be the extreme heat 
of summer and the insalubrity of the first months of autumn. 

2. That another cause which has tended to check fecundity dur- 
ing the last ten years, may be traced to the epidemic influences to 
which the population of the environs of the town were subjected. 
This of course is not a regular, but merely an occasional cause. 

3. That the prevalence of epidemics or extensive sickness among 
adults, tends not only to diminish population directly, by increasing 
mortality, but indirectly, by diminishing fecundity. 

4. That upon examination of the births and deaths of particular 
years, the maximum of conceptions will almost invariably be found 
corresponding to the minimum of adult mortality, and vice versa, 
the maximum of deaths agreeing with the minimum of conceptions. 

According to M. Villerme's investigations, the disparity existing 
between the births and conceptions of the different seasons is much 
more strongly marked in the country and small towns than in the 
large cities. We possess no data by which we can ascertain whether 
this observation is equally applicable to this country. 

Deaths. 
The proportion of deaths to the population for the last ten years is 
exhibited in table D. and proves greater than it has been at any pe- 
riod since regular records of mortality have been kept. The lowest 
rate was in the last year, (1830,) when it was one death in 42.94 in- 
habitants, or 2.32 per cent, of the population. The highest degree of 
mortality occurred in 1823, and was at the rate of one death in 30.5 
inhabitants, or 3.26 per cent, of the population. The average of the 
whole period is one death in 38.85 inhabitants. These estimates are 



12 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



made without reference to distinction of colour, and exclusive of 
still-born. 

This ratio so far exceeds that of the fourteen preceding years, 
when it was one year as low as one death in 56.53 inhabitants, and 
on an average for the whole period, one in 47.86 of the population 
generally, and only one in about 51 of the whites, that we feel call- 
ed upon to enter into some investigation of its causes. 

Upon referring to the tables accompanying these and our for- 
mer calculations, exhibiting the annual mortality, it will be seen 
that in the year 1818 a very sudden increase took place in the 
amount of deaths. An examination of the tables giving the parti- 
cular diseases from which these occurred, shows that this increase 
may be traced for the most part to an unusual prevalence of fevers, 
inflammations, and bowel complaints, or in other words, to epidemic 
causes, which were felt with greatest violence from 1818 to 1826, 
and more especially in the years 1822, 1823, and 1824.* It is a cu- 
rious fact, that although the same influences which promoted fevers 
seemed to operate in producing an increase of bowel complaints, the 
mortality from this last source should not have diminished in a pro- 
portion similar to that of fevers, whilst with regard to inflammations 
there has been a striking increase with the subsidence of fevers. It 
is possible that the new nomenclature of the physiological school of 
medicine may have occasioned some of these last to be enumerated 
with the phlegmasiae, but the number we are sure must have been 



* To make this more apparent, we subjoin the following abstract from the ta- 
bles. The first years are added for the purpose of showing the ordinary morta- 
lity previously to the commencement of the epidemic. 



Year. 


Total 
mortality. 


Fevers. 


Inflamma- 
tions. 


Bowel 

compl'nts. 


Consump- 
tion. 


Dropsies. 


1816 


2225 


193 


229 


153 


434 


156 


1817 


2107 


211 


205 


229 


349 


149 


1818 


2609 


492 


195 


283 


396 


171 


1819 


2979 


277 


265 


363 


459 


231 


1820 


3189 


526 


275 


454 


446 


209 


1821 


2161 


402 


289 


380 


438 


194 


1822 


3334 


498 


284 


461 


488 


243 


1823 


4372 


744 


339 


562 


536 


241 


1824 


4284 


647 


402 


297 


576 


221 


1825 


3539 


362 


338 


362 


519 


270 


1826 


3845 


421 


447 


415 


587 


242 


1827 


3659 


365 


481 


384 


523 


219 


1828 


3971 


oiro 
OIO 


483 


429 


581 


253 


1829 


4001 


260 


631 


394 


638 


287 


1830 


3948 


228 


505 


361 


636 


281 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 1 3 

very limited, as may be seen by referring to the particular kinds of 
inflammation. 

In a former number of this journal we took some pains to show 
that the influence of the sickly air was expended upon that compara- 
tively limited portion of the population living in the environs and 
outskirts of the town. "With these, fever in some of its forms was al- 
most universal, whilst in the more dense and well paved parts, the 
air seemed unusually healthy, and where remittents and intermittents 
were met with, they could almost invariably be traced to exposure 
to night air in the country or suburbs. Never was a stronger demon- 
stration afforded of the resistance made by cities to the influence of 
country malaria than our late experience has furnished. Great as was 
the amount of sickness, it was confined almost entirely to the com- 
paratively small proportion of population inhabiting the unpaved or 
ill-paved environs. Our observation on this and other occasions, 
has led us to ascribe this exemption for the most part to the< pave- 
ments, which, by effecting a perfect draining, prevents exhalation, 
at the same time that it admits of the total removal of vegetable and 
animal matters, the sources of foul and unhealthy emanations. The 
chief motive for paving the streets and side walks, is usually conve- 
nience, but it has always appeared to us, that by far the most impor- 
tant object achieved by it was the preservation of health. 

Whilst upon the subject of public hygiene, we cannot restrain our- 
selves from noticing another consideration connected with it, namely, 
ventilation, or a proper supply of pure unrespired air. By far the 
greatest proportion of the annual sickness and mortality of ordinary 
seasons is furnished by the narrow and confined alleys and courts ex- 
isting in various parts of the town. The low terms upon which the 
small houses and rooms in such places can be obtained, causes them 
to be literally crowded with a class of population for the most part 
negligent of cleanliness, and it can occasion no surprize that there 
should be a great disparity between the proportions of sickness and 
mortality among these, compared with that which takes place in the 
portion living in larger dwellings, having a freer circulation of air. 
The difference just mentioned, though sufficiently obvious in adults, 
is most lamentably conspicuous among children Notwithstanding 
the great numbers of these which die annually of cholera, we feel our- 
selves warranted in asserting that deaths from this disease are rare 
in houses with large and well-aired apartments. To one who in the 
capacity of physician to a dispensary or other charity, has been en- 
gaged in the arduous duties of attending the poor in their uncomfort- 
able abodes, evidences of our assertions must be abundantly familiar. 



14 Emerson's Medical Statistics. 

The numerous instances wherein the mercenary calculations of indi- 
viduals has tempted them to put up nests of contracted tenements in 
courts or alleys admitting but little air, and yet subjected to the full 
influence of heat, has often induced us to wish that there could be 
some public regulation by which the evil might be checked. Man- 
kind have inhabited cities long enough to know from severe experience, 
that there are certain limits to the denseness of population, which 
when passed, always lead to disease and mortality. As we think 
every thing tending to the preservation of public health must be a tit 
subject for legislation, we do not see why a law should not be pro- 
cured by which the undue crowding of population might be prevent- 
ed, and the number artd size of dwellings adjusted to superficial li- 
mits. There are at present municipal regulations intended as a pro- 
tection against conflagration, by designating the materials of which 
houses shall be constructed; and if such precautions be deemed so 
important when property is the consideration, of how much more 
consequence would be those for the preservation of health and life. 

It is common to attribute the greater mortality known to take 
place under ordinary circumstances in large towns among the 
poorer classes, chiefly to meagre or unwholesome food and immo- 
derate indulgence in strong liquors. But in this country, where for 
a part of the year we are subjected to a degree of heat little if at all 
below that of the tropics, the influence of both these causes in the 
production of disease, is, in our opinion, insignificant, when compar- 
ed to that of breathing air that has been previously respired, and 
which, moreover, is commonly charged with animal and vegetable 
effluvia. That the same diet and habits of life in the country or small 
towns, would not be attended with a degree of sickness and mortality 
corresponding to that found in the crowded portions of large towns, 
is, we think, beyond a doubt. 

In Paris, comparisons instituted between the parts chiefly occupied 
by such as live at ease, with those inhabited by the poorer orders, 
would seem to show that the proportion of mortality is regulated less 
by the density of population, than by the opposite circumstances of 
ease and poverty.* That this may be the case under the circumstances 
of climate and means of nourishment which exist there, we will not pre- 

* The results of the extensive and extremely interesting 1 researches of M. 
Villot relative to the changes in the population of Paris, show that the three 
arrondissements presenting the smallest portion of mortality, namely, an average 
of one in forty-two of the population per annum, are precisely those recog- 
nised as the richest, whilst the three presenting the greatest rate, namely, about 
one in twenty-five, are noted as the poorest. 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 15 

tend to deny; but in this country, where absolute want of food, and 
that of the best kind, is unknown, the evils of poverty we are con- 
vinced come from different sources, and more especially from those 
we have mentioned. 

Those desirous of examining into the immediate sources of the 
mortality of Philadelphia for the four years from 1827 to 1830 inclu- 
sive, are referred to table E. which contains the amount from each 
particular disease, or other cause. We have thought it unnecessary 
to include the preceding years, there being a similar calculation for 
them in the tables previously given in this Journal. 

An examination of our records of mortality for the last twenty-five 
years, will show that during the whole time, the number of deaths 
from malignant or yellow fever is only about 125. This information 
may appear strange, even at home; but how much more so abroad, in 
Europe for instance, where the dread of this disease has alone per- 
haps deterred many from visiting the country, and raised obstacles 
to our commerce by the enforcement of vexatious quarantine regula- 
tions in many ports. The simple fact we have here stated relative to 
our exemption from yellow fever, should, we think, entitle our vessels 
to general pratique, or at least lessen very greatly the detention to 
which they are so frequently subjected, especially in the South of 
Europe. 

To what this great exemption for so long a period is to be ascrib- 
ed, and what share of the happy influence has been exerted by qua- 
rantine regulations, more general and better paving, with greater 
cleanliness, are questions it would be very interesting to solve. 

The various periods of life at which the deaths occurred, are exhi- 
bited in table G. from which it appears that the deaths of such as 
were under the 
1st year, constitute about 48 per ct. or nearly one-half of all those un- 
der the 20th year, and 
22 perct. of the mortality at all ages. 
2d " " 66 per ct. of all under the 20th year, and 

about 
31 per ct. of the mortality at all ages. 
5th " " 81 per ct. of all under the 20th year, and 

about 
35 per ct. of the mortality at all ages. 
10th " « 89 per ct. of all under the 20th year, or 

about 
42 per ct. of the mortality at all ages. 



40th 


&< 


66 


50th 


a 


(6 


60th 


tt 


it 


70th 


66 


46 


80th 


a 


(C 


90th 


a 


Li 


100th 


66 


(1 



16 Emerson's Medical Statistics. 

15th year, constitute about 93 per ct. of all under the 20th year, and 

about 
44 per ct. of the mortality at all ages. 
20th " " 47 " " " 

All over the 
30th year, constitute about 40 per ct. of the mortality at all ages. 
28 " " " 

18 "• " « 

11.3 " «« " 

.6.2 " ^^ 

2.3 " " " 

0.7 " " < 

0.001, or about 1 in 1000. 
For the purpose of ascertaining whether any influence was exerted 
by the late epidemic visitation upon the mean duration of human life 
as formerly determined, we have included a series of ten years in 
our table. The result of the estimate shows a diminution in the mean 
duration from that exhibited by our former calculations, which were 
founded upon data furnished by the fourteen previous years, namely, 
from 1807 to 1820 inclusive. • The average for the last ten years is 
28.53, whilst that formerly presented for the period mentioned, was 
29.40. In the year 1823, when the greatest mortality occurred, the 
mean duration fell as low as 26. 67. It is not pretended, as we have 
elsewhere stated, that calculations founded on such data as we pos- 
sess, can give the mean duration of human life for Philadelphia with 
precision, one important obstacle to the attainment of which is, that 
the periods of mortality designated are not sufficiently numerous. It 
is however the nearest approach that present circumstances will ad- 
mit us to make towards ascertaining this important point relative to 
the laws of mortality. For the purposes of regulating estimates of 
risk and adventure, it would we think for several reasons, afford a 
safe minimum. 

The mean duration of life for that portion of inhabitants residing 
in the more central parts of the town, in good houses, and abundant- 
ly provided with all the necessaries of life, must be much above that 
of the general average for all conditions, including the blacks as well 
as the poorer class of whites. Now, as these last, though they furnish 
by far the largest proportion of mortality, and consequently present 
the greatest risks, seldom apply for life insurance or annuities, it is 
evident that ventures founded upon estimates of the chances of life 
in which they are included, must afford great profit, insurance being 
commonly effected upon that class in which the average value of life 
is much the greatest. 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 17 

With regard to the mortality of particular diseases, as exhibited in 
table F. we have not much to add to what we have already mention- 
ed either on this or the former occasion. It has been shown that fe- 
vers, bowel complaints, and inflammations have been much more pre- 
valent within the period included in the present calculations than in 
that embraced by the preceding. This will perhaps be most strikingly 
demonstrated thus: — 

The average mortality of fevers, from 1807 to 1817 inclusive, was 
in the proportion of 1 in 13, or 7.7 per cent, of the whole mortality. 
But since that time, and from the year 1818 to 1828 inclusive, the 
average has been as great as 1 in 7.4, or 13| per cent, of the whole 
mortality, nearly double its usual rate. 

The average proportion from bowel complaints for the same periods 
has altered but little, notwithstanding the great increase observed in 
their number since the commencement of the epidemic. For the first 
mentioned period it was one in 8.3 or 12 per cent, of the total mor- 
tality, and for the last, 1 in 8.6 or 11.5 per cent, of the mortality. 

The proportional increase in the mortality from inflammations, in 
the last period though more apparent than that of bowel complaints, 
is much less marked than that of fevers. The average of the first 
eleven years is 1 in 11. 8 or 8.4 per cent. ; that of the following eleven 
rears, 1 in 9.9, or 10 per cent. During the last five years, viz. from 
1826 to 1830 inclusive, the average has increased so as to constitute 
13 per cent, of the entire mortality, which it will be seen is very 
nearly the proportion of fevers when these were most prevalent. 

Of dropsies, the average proportion for the first period is 1 in 16, 
or 6.2 per cent, of the whole mortality, which rate was slightly in- 
creased during the last or epidemic period, so as to constitute 1 in 
15, or 6.6 per cent, of the entire mortality. During the last five 
years, which, as already shown, has been distinguished by the preva- 
lence of inflammatory disorders, the proportional mortality from 
dropsies, has been about equal to what it was during the greatest 
prevalence of fevers, proving that the agency of both forms of disease 
in the production of hydropic affections is about equal. 

Contrary to what we have found to be the case in regard to the 
proportional mortality from the last mentioned diseases, that from con- 
sumption, compared with the general mortality, has rather diminish- 
ed during the existence of the epidemic influences. Thus we find 
the average for the eleven years from 1807 to 1818, inclusive, to be 
1 in 6.3, or 15 per cent, whilst for the following eleven years, it was 
as in 6.8, or 14.6 per cent. During the last five years, that is to say, 
since the subsidence of fevers and increase of inflammatory disorders, 
the average mortality from consumption, compared to the general 

3 



18 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



mortality, has been 1 in 6.5, or 15.3 per cent. It must not be forgot- 
ten that in estimating these several ratios, the still-born were deduct- 
ed from the yearly sums of mortality; had they been retained, as 
they often are in such calculations, the proportional mortality of par- 
ticular diseases would of course appear much less. 

Estimates formerly given exhibited the influence of the months and 
seasons upon the mortality both of adults and children. It was shown 
from a series of observations including twenty years, how the relative 
mortality of the months for adults stood, when arranged according 
to the order of their decreasing mortality. As we did not then show 
the respective proportions of the months when all made equal to thirty- 
one days, we now adopt this measure. The result for the twenty years 
specified is the following order and distribution: — * 



1. August - 


- 


- 


6632 


7. April - 


4370 


2. July 


- 


- 


5887 


8. November 


4361 


3. September 


- 


- 


5309 


9. February 


4283 


4. June 


- 


- 


4699 


10. January 


4112 


5. October - 


- 


- 


4554 


11. December 


4072 


6. March - 


- 


- 


4371 


12. May - 


3892 


Arranged according to the mortality of adults alone 


, and suppos- 


ing them all to consist of 


thirty-one days, the months 


)laced in the 


order of their decreasing mortality, would stand thus:- 




1. August - 


- 


- 


2845 


7. November 


2432 


2. September 


- 


- 


2716 


8. July - 


2429 


3. April 


- 


- 


2609 


9. June 


2409 


4. October - 


- 


- 


2560 


10. January 


2390 


5. February 


- 


- 


2501* 


► 11. December 


2252 


6. March - 


- 


- 


2480 


12. May - 3- 


2224 


The relative 


mortality of the several months for those under 


twenty years of 


age, 


would stand, according to a similar arrange- 


ment, thus: — 










1. August - 


- 


- 


3787 


7. March - 


1891 


2. July 


- 


- 


3458 


8. December 


1820 


3. September 


- 


- 


2591 


9. February 


1782 


4. June 


- 


- 


2290 


10. April - 


1761 


5. October - 


- 


- 


1994 


11. January 


1722 


6. November 


- 


- 


1929 


12. May - 


1668 



* See Table IV. of our former series of calculations. It may be proper to ob- 
serve that the present is one of the few instances, in which the still-born have 
not been deducted in our estimates of mortality. As, however, our object is to 
show the relative, and not the actual mortality, their exclusion would not have 
altered the results. 



#$ fe* 









Emerson's Medical Statistics. 1 9 

The influence of the seasons in the production of the mortality of 
both adults and children in our locality, is rendered strikingly con- 
spicuous by this mode of calculation. In the estimates for children, 
the disparity existing between the months exhibiting the maximum 
and minimum, or greatest and least proportions of deaths, compared 
with the difference between the months showing the like proportions 
for adults, demonstrates most forcibly how much more under the in- 
fluence of the seasons those in the early periods of life are, than such 
as have arrived at maturity. With adults the difference in these ex- 
tremes is onb^bout 21 per cent, whilst that of children is no less than 
55 percent. For the purpose of investigating this interesting subject in 
still greater detail, we have constructed table H. which exhibits the 
infantile mortality per month at the respective ages or periods of life. 
A period of five years was deemed quite ample for this purpose, and 
instead of returning to the time embraced in our first, we have taken 
them from the last years of our estimates. The periods designated 
in our table are four — the first giving the mortality under the first 
year; the second, that occurring between the first and second years; 
the third, that between the second and fifth years; and the fourth and 
last, which embraces no less than fifteen years of life, namely, from 
the fifth year to the twentieth. The proportion of still-born were de- 
ducted from the mortality under the first year. 

The months of the five years equalized and exhibited in the order 
of their decreasing mortality, with their respective proportions, 
stand thus:—- 





Under 


Between 


Between 


Between 






1 year. 


land 2 


2 and 5 


5 and 20. 


Totals. 


1. July - 


836 - 


- 249 - 


- 117 - 


- 120 - 


- 1322 


2. August 


546 - 


- 317 - 


- 120 - 


- 165 - 


- 1148 


3. Sept. - 


377 - 


- 221 - 


- 140 - 


- 185 - 


- 923 


4. June - 


510 - 


- 148 - 


- 84 - 


- 105 * - 


- 847 


5. February 


382 - 


- 109 - 


- 123 - 


- 131 - 


- 745 


6. October 


324 - 


- 127 - 


- 117 - 


- 153 - 


- 721 


7. March - 


322 - 


- 119 - 


- 122 - 


- 138 - 


- 701 


8. April - 


342 - 


- 107 - 


- 125 - 


- 122 - 


- 696 


9. Dec. - 


269 - 


- 90 - 


- 114 - 


- 135 - 


- 608 


10. Nov. - 


267 - 


- 90 - 


- 114 - 


- 132 - 


- 603 


11. January 


281 - 


- 81 - 


- 102 - 


- 109 - 


- 573 


12. May - 


250 - 


- 98 - 


- 107 - 


- 107 - 


- 562 



4706 - - 1756 - - 1385 - - 1602 - - 9449 
It hence appears that by far the greatest mortality occurring in 






20 Emerson's Medical Statistics. 

childhood takes place in July, June, and August, months dis- 
tinguished from all others by their high temperature, and that 
heat is the great enemy of early life in our city.* It is interesting 
to observe that the destructive influence of this agent has lost much 
of its power after the first year of life, and that after the second year 
it is scarcely perceptible, there being but little variation in the co- 
lumns representing the monthly mortality after this period. 

If we take the mortality for the months of June, July, and August, 
we find that the proportion occurring under the second year of in- 
fancy is about four times greater than that which occurred during the 
same months for the whole eighteen succeeding years of life; where- 
as, for the three months of November, December, and January, the 
amount of mortality under the two first years of life, is but little 
above that of the eighteen succeeding years. 

It will be observed that the month of September stands among the 
highest months in the scale of infantile mortality, differing however 
from those with which it is associated, by having a larger proportion 
of deaths distributed under the later periods designated. 

For the diseases proving most frequently fatal to childhood, with 
the ages at which they occur, we refer to Table VIII. of our calcu- 
lations formerly published. 

At the time of making our first series of statistical calculations we 
were so deficient in the data necessary for ascertaining the correct pro- 
portion of mortality for the black population separately, that we were 
compelled as we then stated, to appeal to conjecture for some of 
them, or abandon the interesting subject entirely. We are now 
happy to have it in our power to place our estimates upon a better 
foundation, possessing not only a longer period for observation, but 
being furnished through the census taken last year with the exact 
proportion of this class of the population. In Table E. we have ex- 
hibited the respective proportions of both white and black mortality 
and population, with the annual ratio of deaths in each, during the 
ten years from 18£1 to 1830 inclusive. This estimate differs in some 
respects from the one formerly given, one of which is, that the pro- 
portion of still-born has been deducted, a circumstance calculated, 
as we have before observed, to lessen the rate of mortality compared 
to population, but to increase the proportion from particular diseases 
compared with the whole. 

* For the average temperature of these and other months in Philadelphia, we 
refer to Table I. of our former calculations. 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 21 

The result of our calculations shows a disparity in the proportions 
of white and black mortality, compared with the population, which 
though not quite equal to what we had computed it for the five years 
succeeding 1820, is still most appalling for the African descend- 
ants. The greatest mortality among these in any single year was in 
1820, when it amounted to 1 death in 16.9 inhabitants. The small- 
est in 1830, when the ratio was 1 in 27.2. The average for the 
whole ten years is X in 21.7, whilst that for the whites alone during 
this unusually sickly period is 1 in 42.3. The lowest rate of morta- 
lity for thewl^s occurred in 1821, and was 1 in 49.1 inhabitants, 
the highest in. 1823, when it amounted to 1 in 33.8. We regret ex- 
ceedingly that the black mortality was not recorded separately for 
some time pre^rs to 1820, as we should then have been enabled to 
ascertain its exact proportion in the years when a fever prevailed in 
some parts of the town, which confined its attacks to the blacks alone, 
sparing the whites that even lived among them.* 

The fact last mentioned is of itself sufficient proof of the existence 
of some peculiarity in the African constitution, which distinguishes 
it from that of the white, and when connected with the opposite cir- 
cumstances of their much greater exemption from some other varieties 
of fever, to which whites are extremely liable on the application of 
the causes, as for example, the yellow and even intermittent forms, the 
evidence is rendered still more positive. 

The late Joseph M. Paul, of this city, whose ardent philanthropy 
was actively directed towards the African race, and who consequent- 
ly took a particular interest in every thing calculated to shed light 
upon or ameliorate their condition, undertook the year previous to his 
death, to trace out the particular diseases which occasioned the mor- 
tality of the coloured population. But this tedious task, which con- 
sisted in consulting each individual certificate deposited at the 
Health Office, he was forced by declining health to abandon, after 
completing only one year, namely, 1 82.7, the tabular view of which, 
showing the mortality for each week, he had the kindness to transmit 
to us. The investigation of the sources of the greater mortality of 

* Accounts of this singular epidemic may be found in Dr. Jackson's paper in 
the Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, Vol. I. No. II. 
p. 321, and in Vol. III. No. VI. p. 193, of the same periodical. The disease, 
which was of a bilious and remittent character with typhoid symptoms, made 
its appearance in May, and extended with the increase of warm weather, ter- 
minating as an epidemic in September. The deaths from it in the Alms-house, 
whither a great many were carried, were about one in six. 



22 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



the blacks affords a highly interesting subject, and had time allowed 
we should have continued the labours commenced by our deceased 
friend. But this has not been permitted us, and we are consequently 
obliged to confine ourselves on the present occasion to the results 
furnished by a very limited period, hoping yet to find leisure to ex- 
tend the observations so as to include other years, or to see the sub- 
ject taken up and completed by some other person. 

The diseases comprehended in the statement furnished us, with 
the respective mortality of each, are as follows. The names of some 
with few or no deaths are retained, to show that the proportion set 
down to them in the general bills of mortality, must belong for the 
most part or altogether to the whites. We have adopted the alpha- 
betical order: — - 







No. of 






No. of 


Diseases. 


Deaths. 


Diseases. 




Deaths. 


Apoplexy 


- 


2 


Brought over 


- 


- 379 


Catarrh - 


- 


7 


Insanity 


- 


1 


Cholera - 


% 


16 


Mania a potu - 


- 


3 


Consumption - 


- 


92 


Measles - 







Convulsions - 


- 


37 


Old age - - 


- 


19 


Debility - 


- 


28 


Palsy - 


- 


1 


Dropsies 


- 


13 


Small Pox 


- 


56 


Drowned 


- 


3 


Still-born 


- 


38 


Drunkenness - 


- 


8 


Sudden - 


- 


22 


Dysentery and Diarrhoea - 


29 


Unknown 


- 


46 


Typhus Fever 


- 


34 


Various - 


- 


- 143 


Other Fevers - 


- 


89 






— — * 


Hives 


- 


4 


Total - 


- 


- 746 


Hooping Cough 


- 


8 


Still-born 


- 


38 


Inflammation of the Brain 









i 


Inflammation of the Lungs 


9 


Exclusive of Still-born 708 



Carried over - - 379 

From this view it appears, that of the total mortality of the blacks, 
in the year 1827, namely, 708, exclusive of still-born, the proportion 
from consumption was 1 in 7.6, or 13 per cent.; from fevers 1 in 
5.7, or 17 per cent, which it will be seen, is a much larger propor- 
tion than the deaths from fevers bore to the general mortality for* the 
same year, viz. 1 in 10; and from bowel complaints 1 in 15, or 6.3 
per cent. The number that died in the alms-house was 155. 

The actual proportion of deaths for each month is as follows: 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



23 



1. January 


- 


52 


7. July 


62 


2. February - 


- 


44 


8. August 


58 


3. March 


- 


38 


9. September 


63 


4. April 


- 


44 


10. October - 


91 


5. May - 


- 


40 


11. November 


- 103 


6. June - 


- 


55 


12. December 


96 


When all made 


equal to thirty-one days, and arranged accord- 


ing to their decreasing 


• mortality, with their respective proportions, 


the months assume 


the 


following order: — 




1. November - 


- 


- 106 


7. June 


57 


2. December - 


- 


96 


8. January - 


52 


3. October 


- 


91 


9. February 


48 


4. September 


- 


65 


10. April 


44 


5. July - 


- 


62 


11. May 


40 


6. August 


- 


58 


12. March 


38 



Of the number 746 actually reported, 401 were males, and 345 fe- 
males, the deaths of females being about 1 in 14, and of females 1 in 
22 of their respective proportions of the population. That the mor- 
tality of males should thus be found to exceed that of the females 13 
per cent, is a result not to have been expected, when it is considered 
that the female portion of the black population exceeds the male 32 
per cent. 

The ages or periods of life at which the mortality occurred are as 
follows, viz. : — 

Under 2 years, (still-born excluded) - 190 

Between 2 and 10 - . - 56 



All und 


sr 10 


Between 10 and 20 


All under 20 


Between 20 and 30 


(C 


30 and 40 


If 


40 and 50 


(C 


50 and 60 


It 


60 and 70 


ii 


70 and 80 


ii 


80 and 90 


ii 


90 and 100 




100 and over 


All over 20 - 



246 
43 



289 



110 

113 

91 

41 

25 

19 

11 

6 

3 



419 









24 Emerson's Medical Statistics. 

The proportion of deaths at particular periods of life compared 
with the general mortality, may be reckoned thus: — 
All under2yr's constitute 1 in 3.7 or 28 per ct. of the whole mortality. 
" 10 " 1 in 2. 8 or 34 " " 

" 20 " 1 in 2.4 or 40 " " 

u so " 56 " " 

In concluding our present statistical labours, we would remark 
that it has been our object to supply facts of a general character, ra- 
ther than to pursue details through all their bearings. To have dwelt 
more minutely upon the many interesting topics developed in the 
course of our researches, would, we feared, have overcharged the sub- 
ject, and deterred many from pursuing it, whose partiality for statis- 
tical investigations are not very strong. To those fond of such in- 
quiries we have presented abundant materials and left ample room 
for their employment, as the results we have drawn from the data 
are only the most prominent that presented themselves. "We have 
seldom indulged in comparisons with other places, and never with 
our neighbouring cities, our object having been to present facts as 
they exist, whether these be favourable or unfavourable to the cha- 
racter of our locality for salubrity. Persons who undertake estimates 
for other places, are often led to the commission of errors, unin- 
tentionally of course, from not being acquainted with some local 
circumstances calculated to affect the results very materially. Such 
causes have frequently led to mistakes with regard to the proportional 
mortality of Philadelphia. We have lately seen with some regret 
a repetition of them in a respectable cotemporary journal, in which 
the population of Philadelphia is represented about 6400 less than 
actually exists within the limits of the bills of mortality.* It is 
needless to add that such an error in the commencement, com- 
pletely invalidates the whole series of comparative estimates. In 
such matters, partiality for a favourite city should never be allowed to 
interfere, and lead to the concealment or palliation of evils where they 
exist. On the contrary, these should as far as practicable be fully ex- 
posed to view, so as to lead when possible, to their removal or cor- 
rection. Without such an application, medical statistics would 
lose half their value, and instead of being, as it actually is, a highly 
practical, sink to the level of a mere speculative branch of know- 
ledge. 

■ 
* New York Medical and Physical Journal, Vol. I. p. 436. 



dk 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



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Penn Township 







16 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



TABLE A.— CONTINUED. 





BLACKS. 


TOTAL 

WHITES AND 

BLACKS. 


WARDS 


MALES. 




FEMALES. 


<< 
H 
o 


AND 

DISTRICTS. 


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U 

a 


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O 

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7 
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117 

445 

10 
14 


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to 

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695 
71 

318 

6 

7 


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31 

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3 
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8 


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o 


City Wards 
Northern Liberty ? 

Wards 5 
Southwark, and"^ 

other Incorpo-> 

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N". Liberties, unO 

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Penn Township 


975 
119 

436 

12 

7 


1041 
135 

446 

9 
8 

1639 


1872 
170 

546 

10 
16 

2614 


1606 
137 

538 

6 
13 

2300 


894 

79 

288 

10 
9 

1280 


351 
32 

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5 




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3665 

73 
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28923 

53470 

2453 
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1678 


1097 


355 


14642 


167811 



TABLE B. 



Births per annum in Philadelphia, from 1821 to 1830 inclusive, with the respec- 
tive proportions of the Sexes. 











i 
Excess of j Excess of 


Proportion 


Year. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


males per 
annum. 


males per 
cent. 


of Births to 
Population. 


1821 


2630 


2417 


5047 


213 


8. 


to £t cr ;> 


1822 


3021 


2701 


5722 


320 


10.5 


°> *° S* 2 


1823 
1824 


2977 
3062 


2836 
2771 


5813 
5833 


141 
291 


4.7 
9.5 


re r-i-crq 
-t o re 


1825 


3444 


3182 


6626 


262 


7.6 


2 5T^ 


1826 


3526 


3219 


6745 


307 


8.7 


2. 3 


1827 


3581 


3452 


7033 


129 


3.6 


©•8 2 


1828 


3694 


3506 


7200 


188 


5. 


*"* e 3> 


1829 


3638 


3357 


6995 


281 


7. 




1830 


3996 


3632 


7628 


364 


9.1 


O 3 Sj 




33569 


31073 


64642 


2496 







Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



27 



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28 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



TABLE D. 

Jin estimate of the proportion of Deaths in the City and Suburbs of Philadelphia 
to the Population, from the year 1821 to 1830 inclusive, showing the rate for 
each year, together with the average of the series. Note. Still-born excluded. 



Year. 


Annual 

Mortality. 


Population for 
each year. 


Proportion to 


Population. 








one in 


per cent. 


1821 


2961 


124934 


42.19 


2.37 


1822 


3334 


129253 


38.76 


2.57 ' 


1823 


4372 


133721 


30.58 


3.26 


1824 


4284 


138343 


32.29 


3.09 


1825 


3539 


143126 


40.44 


2.47 


1826 


3845 


148073 


38.56 


2.59 


1827 


3659 


153300 


41.89 


2.38 


1828 


3971 


158488 


39.90 


2.50 


1829 


4001 


163960 


40.99 


2.44 


1830 

A 


3948 


169536 


42.94 


2.32 




10) 388.54 
38.85 


25.99 


.verage mortal 


ity per annum 


2.59 



TABLE E. 

Jin estimate showing the respective Mortality of the White and Coloured portions 
of the Population of Philadelphia, from the year 1821 to 1830, inclusive, exhi- 
biting the proportions in each year, and the average for the whole period. Still- 
born excluded. 



Year. 


Annual Mortality. 


Population for each 
year. 


Proportion of Deaths to 
Population, as 1 in 




Whites. 


Blacks. 


Whites. 


Blacks. 


Whites. 


Blacks. 


1821 


2320 


642 


114065 


10869 


49.1 


16.9 


1822 


2813 


521 


118008 


11245 


41.9 


21.5 


1823 


3612 


760 


122088 


11633 


33.8 


17.5 


1824 


3598 


686 


126308 


12035 


35.1 


17.5 


1825 


3078 


461 


130675 


12451 


42.4 


27.0 


1826 


3353 


492 


135191 


12882 


40.3 


26.1 


1827 


2954 


705 


139963 


13337 


47.4 


18.9 


1828 


3314 


657 


144700 


13788 


43.6 


20.8 


1829 


3400 


602 


149696 


14264 


44.0 


23.7 


1830 


3405 


543 
A 


154737 
verage of th 


14799 
e ten years 


45.4 


27-2 


423.0 


217.1 


42.3 


21.7 



Emerson's Medical Statistics. 



29 





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